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Duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction with or without an intraductal removable stent in liver transplantation: The BILIDRAIN-T multicentric randomised trial
Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, UMRS-938, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
Department of Digestive and Hepato-pancreatic-biliary Surgery, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Hôpitaux Universitaires Henri Mondor, F-94010, Créteil, France
Corresponding author Address: Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, UMRS-938, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France. Tel.: +33 142175690; fax: +33 142175689.
Department of Digestive, Hepatobiliary Surgery and Liver Transplantation, Sorbonne Université, UMRS-938, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
An IRS was placed during biliary reconstruction in bile ducts ≤7 mm; ERCP removal was 4–6 months post LT.
•
The primary endpoint was the incidence of biliary complications (fistulae and strictures) within 6 months post LT.
•
Biliary complications occurred in 31 patients (26.5%) in the IRS vs. 24 (20.3%) in the control group (p = 0.27).
•
IRS migrated in 24 (20.5%) patients, and extraction was difficult in 19 (19.4%).
•
No predictive factor for biliary complications was identified.
Background & Aims
Biliary complications (BC) following liver transplantation (LT) are responsible for significant morbidity. No technical procedure during reconstruction has been associated with a risk reduction of BC. The placement of an intraductal removable stent (IRS) during reconstruction followed by its endoscopic removal showed feasibility and safety in a preliminary study. This multicentric randomised controlled trial aimed at evaluating the impact of an IRS on BC following LT.
Methods
This multicentric randomised controlled trial was conducted in 7 centres from April 2015 to February 2019. Randomisation was done during LT when a duct-to-duct anastomosis was confirmed with at least 1 of the stump diameters ≤7 mm. In the IRS group, a custom-made segment of a T-tube was placed into the bile duct to act as a stake during healing and was removed endoscopically 4 to 6 months post LT. The primary endpoint was the incidence of BC (fistulae and strictures) within 6 months post LT. The secondary criteria were complications related to the IRS placement or extraction, including endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography (ERCP)-related complications.
Results
In total, 235 patients were randomised: 117 in the IRS group and 118 in the control group. BC occurred in 31 patients (26.5%) in the IRS group vs. 24 (20.3%) in the control group (p = 0.27), including 16 (13.8%) and 15 (12.8%) strictures, respectively. IRS migration occurred in 24 patients (20.5%), cholangitis in 1 (0.9%), acute pancreatitis in 2 (1.8%), and difficulty during endoscopic extraction in 19 (19.4%). No predictive factor for BC was identified.
Conclusions
IRS does not prevent BC after LT and may require specific endoscopic expertise for removal.
Liver transplantation is a life-saving treatment for many patients with end-stage liver disease. However, it can be associated with complications involving the bile duct reconstruction. Herein, the placement of a specific stent called an intraductal removable stent was trialled as a way of reducing bile duct complications in patients undergoing liver transplantation. Unfortunately, it did not help preventing such complications.
Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome.
In fact, the incidence of biliary complications (BC) following LT remains high, ranging from 10 to 50% of patients despite an increasing experience worldwide.
Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome.
These complications, mainly represented by bile leaks and strictures, are responsible for readmissions and additional procedures such as endoscopic or radiologic interventional manoeuvres, which bring their own specific risks (bleeding, pancreatitis, and cholangitis), and eventually surgical repair in case of failures of these latter mini-invasive treatments.
Although biliary leaks occur in the early postoperative period (within 3 months), biliary strictures mainly occur within 5 to 8 months and up to 1 year in the great majority
Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome.
Biliary reconstruction using a side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy with or without T-tube in deceased donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized trial.
The goal is to facilitate biliary healing through a ‘tutoring’ and ‘decompressive’ effect and keep an easy access to the biliary tract to perform a cholangiography, until its removal 6 to 8 weeks post LT.
have shown not only an absence of difference of BC with or without the T-tube but also a specific morbidity, such as cholangitis, and biliary leaks at the time of removal related to the external aspect of the drainage. Based on these results, and on the emergence of safe endoscopic management of BC, numerous teams do not use external biliary drainage anymore.
Temporary placement of partially covered self-expandable metal stents for anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: a prospective, multicenter study.
So far, one could conclude that no intraoperative technique has shown efficacy in BC prevention during LT.
A novel technique of using an intraductal removable stent (IRS) placed during biliary reconstruction in LT and removed by endoscopy within 6 months postoperative has been recently proposed.
The rationale is to prevent BC while avoiding side effects related to an external T-tube. Contrary to the T-tube that is removed early within 2 months post LT, the IRS would allow a longer stenting effect on biliary anastomosis
without the drawbacks of an external drainage. A preliminary study showed the feasibility and safety of the technique on 20 patients with a small graft bile duct (<5 mm).
No technical failure and no procedure-related complication were recorded during drain removal, and BC occurred in 4 patients, which all received a partial graft. A similar technique using ureteral stents had been described in 2000 in 77 patients with early endoscopic removal (4 to 6 weeks) and acceptable outcome (18% BC).
However, the early removal may theoretically counterbalance the stenting effect on biliary stenosis formation.
The aim of this multicentric randomised controlled trial was thus to compare the incidence of BC, that is, stenosis and leakage, after duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction performed with or without an IRS placement in LT. The secondary endpoint was to assess the incidence of complications related to the IRS and its extraction by endoscopy.
Patients and methods
Study design and study population
The study rationale, design, and methods of the BILIDRAINT trial, a randomised, superiority, unblinded controlled trial, have been published.
Briefly, the trial enrolled patients >18 years of age eligible for LT. All patients gave their written consent for participation. Patients were not enrolled in case biliary reconstruction was decided to be a hepaticojejunostomy for anatomical/biliary disease reasons and/or because of the presence of latex, polymer, or rubber allergy. Definitive inclusion was performed in the operating room during LT and depended on the fulfilment of the following ‘definitive inclusion criteria’: 1) duct-to-duct biliary reconstruction confirmed and a complete biliary tract of the donor, 2) graft or recipient biliary duct diameter ≤7 mm, and 3) graft not from a donor deceased from cardiac arrest. Definitive inclusion and randomisation were performed during LT in the operating room online through the CleanWeb® software. A randomisation list was performed by an independent statistician with blocks of varying size and a 1:1 ratio and stratified by centre.
The inclusion period was set at 2 years, for a total study duration of 2.5 years, in 7 LT centres in France. The follow-up was set at 6 months postoperative to screen the majority of BC.
Study outcomes
The primary outcome was the incidence of BC, which included biliary strictures and leakage, within 6 months post LT.
A biliary leakage was defined by the presence of bile in the abdominal drainage and/or an intra-abdominal collection requiring drainage with bilious content. A biliary stenosis was defined by a size discrepancy between the 2 sides of the bile duct anastomosis on specific imaging (magnetic resonance cholangiography [MRC] and endoscopic retrograde cholangio-pancreatography [ERCP]) associated with an upstream bile tract distention, with a clinical and biological cholestasis, after excluding other cholestasis causes (rejection and viral reactivation). The diagnosis of biliary stenosis was reviewed for each case by an independent expert committee. Graft loss and death were considered as events.
Secondary outcomes included were the incidence of complications related to the IRS and its extraction by endoscopy: cholangitis, stent migration, extraction difficulties, acute pancreatitis, digestive perforation, and haemorrhage. Graft and patients’ survival at 6 months were also analysed as secondary endpoints. Arterial and BC (ABC)-free survival at 6 months was analysed as a supplementary endpoint.
A data monitoring committee (DMC) provided trial oversight and assessed the safety profile of the trial. Independent clinical research associates monitored the sites and gathered the data. All events were analysed and adjudicated by an independent, 3-person, clinical evaluation committee.
In the IRS group, the surgeon would place a custom-made segment of an 8-French T-tube in the biliary duct without suture fixation after measuring the duct diameter using a sterile graduated ruler. To homogenise the technique, a short movie describing the steps of IRS placement was published online by the investigating team (Supplementary information at https://youtu.be/BY29ybb-01M). The stent was placed across the anastomosis, with the lower end sitting on the papilla without crossing it (Fig. 1). The technique of biliary reconstruction was left to the surgeon’s preference.
The stent is a custom-made segment (2 cm) of an 8-French T-tube inserted in the biliary duct across the anastomosis without suture fixation. The lower end is sitting on the papilla without crossing it. Courtesy of Dr. R. Brustia. IRS, intraductal removable stent.
Post-LT follow-up was performed according to each centre’s usual practice. Clinical, biological, and radiological data were collected at Day 1, Day 7, Day 15, Month 1, Month 3, and Month 6. An MRC was performed 6 months post LT (after endoscopic removal in the IRS group).
In the IRS group, an ERCP was planned between the fourth and sixth months post transplantation, requiring a short stay in the hospital, a general anaesthesia, and clinical and biological tests including plasmatic lipase dosage at Day 1.
Any adverse event related to IRS was immediately reported for further investigation, and potentially severe adverse events were previously defined for early identification: severe cholangitis, ERCP-related severe acute pancreatitis, ERCP-related haemorrhage, and ERCP-related duodenal perforation.
Extraction difficulties were reported as an IRS extraction manoeuvre unusually long and/or complicated as described by the endoscopist. Reasons for difficulty were classified in catheterism difficulty and/or extraction difficulty.
Statistical analysis
As described previously, the inclusion of 248 patients would provide a power of at least 80%, with a 2-sided alpha of 5%, for rejection of the null hypothesis of no difference, considering an expected incidence of BC of 25% in the non-IRS group and a 60% reduction of BC (10%) in the IRS group. No interim analysis was planned, and all analyses were performed on an intention-to-treat basis.
Baseline characteristics were expressed as number (percentage) for categorical variables and mean (standard deviation) or median (IQR) for continuous variables depending on their distribution. The frequency of occurrence of BC was compared between groups using a Chi-square test. Two-sided 95% CIs were estimated using the exact method. The analysis was performed among both the as-randomised population, which included all randomised patients with missing outcome data replaced using worst-case imputation (BC), and the per-protocol population, which included all patients without a major protocol violation (including eligibility criteria not fulfilled or IRS migration). Because the trial was conducted at multiple sites, site effect was accounted for in a post hoc sensitivity analysis using a generalised linear regression mixed model with binary distribution and a logit link function with strategy as a fixed effect and centre as a random effect.
Exploratory analysis was performed using a linear generalised regression mixed model with binary distribution (logit link) to study the following risk factors of BC: occurrence of arterial complication before BC, warm ischaemia time, graft diameter, receiver diameter, and thread size (≥6/0). Site was considered as a random effect. The results were expressed as odd ratios with 95% CIs. The log linearity hypothesis was not achieved for 1) warm ischaemia time that was therefore dichotomised around the clinically relevant value of 30 min and 2) graft and receiver diameters that were categorised based on quartiles.
Survivals were estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and groups were compared using a log-rank test. Greenwood’s variance estimate was used to calculate 2-sided 95% CIs. A stratified Cox proportional hazards model was used to study the effect of surgery strategy on ABC-free survival considering the following adjustment factors: warm ischaemia time, reconstruction technique, and thread size. The results were expressed as hazard ratios with 95% CIs. The stratification variable was the site of inclusion. The risk proportionality hypothesis was verified by testing the interaction between interest variable and time. For each model, unadjusted analysis was first performed to select variables of clinical interest at the p value threshold of 0.2. Then, a full adjusted regression model was built before a stepwise backward selection: all variables with a p value <0.05 kept in the final model except the randomisation group, which was forced as an adjustment variable.
Premature discontinuation of research was censored at the last follow-up visit available. Missing data for secondary outcomes were not replaced. All superiority tests were 2-sided, and p values <0.05 were considered significant. No adjustment was planned for multiplicity, and there was no prespecified hierarchy for secondary efficacy outcomes. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS V.9.4 software (SAS Institute Inc.).
Ethical approval
This trial was approved by the Comité de Protection des Personnes (CPP) Ile de France III - 3170 (file ref.: 2014-A00866-41).
Results
Study population
Between April 2015 to July 2018, a total of 467 patients were enrolled at 7 centres, of whom 235 patients (117 in the IRS group and 118 in the control group) met the randomisation criteria at the time of LT (Fig. 2).
Baseline parameters were well balanced between the 2 groups, as well as donor characteristics (Table 1). Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) was present in 136 (57.9%) patients (Table 1). Mean cold ischaemia time was 432.8 ± 116.8 min in the IRS group and 430.9 ± 116.7 min in the control group.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the randomised population.
Technical parameters during LT had a broadly similar distribution between groups (Table 1). Warm arterial ischaemia time was 44.0 [36.0; 55.0] min in the IRS group and 40.0 [35.0; 50.0] min in the control group. Arterial anastomosis was described as ‘difficult’ in 3 (6.3%) cases in the IRS group and 4 (8.3%) cases in the control group. Graft bile duct diameter was 6.5 ± 1.6 mm in the IRS group and 6.4 ± 1.7 mm in the control group, vs. a recipient bile duct diameter of 7.0 ± 2.7 mm in the IRS group and 6.7 ± 2.3 mm in the control group. Running suture was preferred in 64 (31.7%) biliary anastomosis vs. separate stiches in 59 (29.2%) and a mixed technique in 79 (39.1%).
Primary outcome
BC occurred in 31 patients (26.5%) in the IRS group vs. 24 (20.3%) in the control group (p = 0.27), including 16 (13.8%) and 15 (12.8%) stenosis and 9 (7.8%) and 6 (5.1%) fistulae in the IRS and control groups, respectively (Table 2). Among the 15 patients with fistulae, 5 (33.3%) also developed stenosis, including 2/9 (22.2%) in the IRS group and 3/6 (50.0%) in the control group.
Table 2Post-LT outcome of 235 patients included according to their randomisation group (IRS, n = 117 vs. control, n = 118).
After excluding 24 patients with IRS migration, 1 patient with missing primary endpoint and 2 patients without IRS (per-protocol analysis), BC occurred in 19 patients in the IRS group (18.4%) and 23 (19.7%) in the control group. Similar results were found in post hoc sensitivity analyses accounting for site effects. In patients alive without graft loss or with BC before graft loss or before death, there was no significant predictive factor for BC in multivariate exploratory analysis (Table 3).
Table 3Multivariate logistic regression on biliary complications.
Variable
n
Unadjusted analysis OR [95% CI]
p value
n
Full adjusted analysis OR (95% CI)
p value
IRS
181
1.67 [0.76–3.67]
0.20
181
1.81 [0.81–4.03]
0.15
Arterial complication (before biliary complications) (yes vs. no)
181
0.47 [0.06–3.84]
0.48
Warm ischaemia time (≥30 vs. <30 min)
168
1.16 [0.24–5.60]
0.85
Thread size (≥6/0 vs. <6/0)
181
0.50 [0.19–1.32]
0.16
181
0.45 [0.17–1.22]
0.11
Recipient bile duct diameter (mm)
151
0.74
≤5
1
[5–6]
1.44 [0.46–4.44]
[6–7]
0.71 [0.18–2.82]
>7
1.07 [0.31–3.73]
Graft bile duct diameter (mm)
151
0.87
≤5
1
[5–6]
1.64 [0.47–5.78]
[6–7]
1.26 [0.32–4.94]
>7
1.60 [0.38–6.80]
Analysis performed on patients alive without graft loss or with biliary complications before graft loss or before death.
Complications related to IRS are displayed in Table 2. IRS migration occurred in 24 patients (20.5%), cholangitis in 1 (0.9%), severe acute pancreatitis in 2 (1.8%), and extraction difficulties during ERCP in 19 (19.4%). Concomitant IRS-related complications and BC occurred in 11 (9.6%), including 9 (7.8%) associated migration and BC.
The only case of cholangitis occurred immediately after ERCP and was resolutive within 24 h. The 2 cases of severe acute pancreatitis occurred within 24 h after ERCP.
Extraction difficulties were related to complex catheterism in 15 cases (79%) and difficulty for IRS extraction in itself in 4 cases (21%). Difficulty for IRS extraction was responsible for redo-ERCP for extraction in 2 (1.7%) cases.
Early allograft dysfunction, according to the criteria by Olthoff et al.,
Outcomes of adult living donor liver transplantation: comparison of the Adult-to-adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study and the national experience.
occurred in 9 (7.7%) cases, including 2 in the IRS group. Arterial complications occurred in 11 (9.4%) in the IRS group and 9 (7.7%) in the control group, including 5 (4.3%) and 2 (1.7%) thrombosis and 8 (6.8%) and 6 (5.1%) stenosis in the IRS and control groups, respectively.
Overall survival, graft survival, and ABC-free survival
Overall survival probability at 6 months post LT was 94.0% (95% CI 87.7–97.1) and 95.8% (95% CI 90.1–98.2) in the IRS and control groups, respectively (p = 0.54) (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3Overall, graft and ABC-free survival in patients in the IRS vs. control groups.
(A) Overall survival at 6 months post LT in the IRS and control groups. (B) Graft survival at 6 months post LT in the IRS and control groups. (C) ABC-free survival at 6 months post LT in the IRS and control groups. ABC, arterial and biliary complications; IRS, intraductal removable stent; LT, liver transplantation.
Graft survival probability at 6 months post LT was 98.3% (95% CI 93.2–99.6) and 99.2% (95% CI 94.1–99.9) in the IRS and control groups, respectively (p = 0.55).
ABC-free survival probability at 6 months post LT was 74.2% (95% CI 64.7–81.6) and 77.9% (95% CI 68.7–84.7) in the IRS and control groups, respectively (p = 0.45). There was no significant predictive factor for ABC-free survival in the multivariate Cox model (Table 4). Median times of follow-up were 6.1 [5.9–6.5] months for overall survival and graft survival and 6.0 [5.4–6.3] months for ABC-free survival.
Table 4Cox proportional hazards model on ABC-free survival.
Variable
Unadjusted analysis HR [95% CI]
p value
IRS
1.75 [0.91–3.36]
0.09
Warm ischaemia time ≥30 min
0.80 [0.24–2.69]
0.72
Reconstruction technique
0.35
Separate stiches
1.12 [0.44–2.86]
Mixed
1.87 [0.73–4.80]
Running suture
1
Thread size (≥6/0)
0.62 [0.27–1.47]
0.28
Because there is no variable with a p value <0.2 in the univariate analysis, no adjusted analysis was performed.
In this large randomised controlled trial that included 235 patients, the placement of an IRS during biliary reconstruction did not reduce BC after LT. This is the first randomised trial that evaluated the potential protective effect of an internal stent on BC occurrence. Despite decades of experience, this trial confirms that the post-LT BC rate remains high, and the use of an IRS could not modify this rate. Although no failure to remove the IRS occurred, the difficulty to remove the drain (19.4%) highlights the need for specific endoscopic expertise at the time of IRS removal.
A first and unexpected finding of this study was the spontaneous migration rate of the IRS. Consequently, the high proportion of IRS migration (n = 24, 20.5%) may have changed the ability to prevent strictures and leaks in the IRS group. This is why we also performed a per-protocol analysis on BC excluding patients with IRS migration that did not show a difference in favour of IRS.
The 2 main complications associated with biliary reconstruction, that is, anastomotic stricture and internal leakage, were found to be independent of the presence of an IRS in the current study. The 23.4% overall rate of BC, including 31 (13.2%) biliary strictures and 15 (6.4%) biliary fistulae, follow those reported in previous studies assessing an external T-tube in the prevention of BC. Although still debated, no clear preventive effect of an external T-tube on BC has ever been demonstrated so far.
Biliary reconstruction using a side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy with or without T-tube in deceased donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized trial.
Biliary reconstruction using a side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy with or without T-tube in deceased donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized trial.
In contrast, the IRS was designed to be left in place much longer than an external T-tube (4 to 6 months vs. 6 weeks) and therefore to really act as a stake during most of the healing phase. Thus, several reasons can explain the current results. First, we chose to include only patients with at least 1 of the 2 biliary stumps ≤7 mm in diameter, a small diameter being previously reported as a risk factor for BC. A cut-off of 7 mm was chosen according to previous reports including similar patients (LT from whole organs), so the number of expected BC would be higher than that in the general LT population. To homogenise the technique among the 7 LT centres, a short movie was published online (Supplementary information). However, technical bias related to the ‘customised’ aspect of the technique, and to the subjectivity of each surgeon’s interpretation, may persist.
For logistics and feasibility purposes, we did not impose the IRS material (rubber or latex) to the different LT centres. The diameter was not imposed either so that the surgeons would adapt it to the anastomosis. The tailored IRS material made from T-tubes would not have been a problem, as T-tubes are specific drains for bile duct drainage in the first place. However, despite the efforts for technique homogenisation through the online video, some surgeons may have placed a too-small-diameter IRS owing to local constraints (unavailable T-tube of adequate diameter and misevaluation). Unfortunately, this intraoperative information is usually unreported.
Moreover, the size discrepancy between the graft and the donor’s bile duct was not specifically evaluated and may play a role in the development of a biliary stenosis or in the migration of the IRS. Second, although biliary strictures were defined as a composite criterion including radiologic features with clinical or biological impact, the realisation of a systematic magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography at 6 months may have uncovered size discrepancies diagnosed and treated as stenosis even though the diagnosis for biliary stricture in the protocol was composite in the first place (imaging and biology).
There was no prognostic factor identified for BC, and there was no impact of any technical aspect of biliary reconstruction, such as thread decimal or suture type. In addition, arterial complications or prolonged warm ischaemia time were not identified as prognostic factors for BC; however, the number of arterial thrombosis was relatively small (2.9%). These results suggest a greater influence of non-technical factors on BC. The choice of a 6-month endpoint for follow-up was made to detect most anastomotic strictures while keeping an acceptable timing for the study course. Of course, this design may miss late strictures, although rare.
However, in the IRS group, the follow-up after extraction (1 to 2 months) may be seen as too short, and longer follow-up may be required to draw definitive conclusions on the proportion of anastomosis strictures. Nevertheless, the current results of the trial may suffice to draw conclusions on the use of an IRS.
Finally, the significant proportion of extraction difficulties encountered during ERCP (19.4% of patients in the IRS group) must be highlighted. These results are in contrast with those of our preliminary study where all of the 20 patients had undergone a successful IRS extraction.
However, in the preliminary study, all patients were referred to the same endoscopist who had extensive experience in biliary manoeuvres in patients undergoing LT and who developed the technique with the surgical team. This multicentric trial included 7 centres, and therefore, the experience of the endoscopist could not be controlled. Moreover, the majority of ERCP-described difficulties were in fact related to catheterism (79%) and not IRS extraction in itself. Nevertheless, severe adverse events related to IRS extraction, such as severe acute pancreatitis, haemorrhage, or perforation, were rarely encountered (n = 2 [1.8%], n = 5 [4.8%], and n = 1 [0.9%], respectively), and their proportion was comparable with the one seen in the literature.
There are several limitations to this study. Despite the prospective randomised design, surgical practice, and intraoperative choices such as IRS placement or tube diameter remain up to the surgeon at the moment of LT, even though a movie was broadcasted to homogenise the technique. Moreover, the size discrepancy between graft and donor’s bile duct was not specifically evaluated and may play a role in the development of a biliary stenosis or in the migration of the IRS. Last, the quite rare number of events limited the number of variables included into the predictive model.
One way to overcome extraction-related complications would be to use biodegradable stents, which are currently under investigation with potentially promising in vitro results.
However, some uncertainties remain regarding potential residual material derived from the degradation process within the bile duct and the optimal duration of stenting. In addition, the possibility of ‘salvage’ extraction in case of complication would have to be anticipated.
In conclusion, the use of an IRS in case of a small bile duct diameter (≤7 mm) was not associated with a reduction of BC at 6 months post LT, and technical ways to overcome the so-called ‘Achille’s heel of LT’ remain to be found.
Financial support
The trial was funded by a grant funding from the French National Ministry of Health (Programme Hospitalier de Recherche Clinique (PHRC AOR13028 – P130919). The sponsor was ‘Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et au Développement, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris’, France.
Authors’ contributions
Scientific coordinator of the trial, conducted data analysis, and wrote the manuscript: CG. Co-investigators and substantially contributed to data acquisition and analysis: EB, RB, FD, AH, ML, LB, KL, OSo, HB, JYM, ES. Performed statistical analysis: MC.
Contributed substantially to the trial methodology: TS. Principal investigator of the trial: OSc. Critically reviewed the manuscript: MC, TS, OSc.
Data availability statement
The data associated with this paper are available upon request to the corresponding author.
Conflicts of interest
The authors have declared no conflicts of interest in relation to this study.
Please refer to the accompanying ICMJE disclosure forms for further details.
Acknowledgements
We thank for their help M. Hakeem Admane, Mrs. Orianne Philippe, and M. Florian Prever from APHP, URCEST, Hopital Saint Antoine, Paris, France, as well as Mrs. Sophie Courtial-Destembert, project manager of the sponsor (Département de la Recherche Clinique et du Développement (DRCD), Groupement Interrégional de Recherche Clinique et d'Innovation d'Ile de France, Assistance Publique – Hôpitaux de Paris).
Supplementary data
The following are the supplementary data to this article:
Biliary reconstruction, its complications and management of biliary complications after adult liver transplantation: a systematic review of the incidence, risk factors and outcome.
Biliary reconstruction using a side-to-side choledochocholedochostomy with or without T-tube in deceased donor liver transplantation: a prospective randomized trial.
Temporary placement of partially covered self-expandable metal stents for anastomotic biliary strictures after liver transplantation: a prospective, multicenter study.
Outcomes of adult living donor liver transplantation: comparison of the Adult-to-adult Living Donor Liver Transplantation Cohort Study and the national experience.
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